{"id":3840,"date":"2026-08-17T12:45:06","date_gmt":"2026-08-17T12:45:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/?p=3840"},"modified":"2026-10-26T12:38:28","modified_gmt":"2026-10-26T12:38:28","slug":"polish-startup-investment-readiness-checklist","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/publikacje\/polish-startup-investment-readiness-checklist\/","title":{"rendered":"Startup Investment Readiness. What to Put in Order Before Sitting Down with an Investor"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Imagine this scenario: you receive a term sheet from an investor. Excitement, congratulations from the team, plans to scale. Then due diligence begins. It turns out that two founders have a verbal agreement on a 50\/50 split, the articles of association come from an S24 template, no one knows who has veto rights, and the cap table exists only in the CEO\u2019s head. The investor gives you two weeks to put everything in order. Otherwise, they walk away.<\/p>\n<p>Would your company pass this test?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Startup investment readiness<\/strong> is not a product, a slide, or a pitch deck. It is a state in which your ownership structure, corporate governance, and documentation allow you to enter into discussions with an investor without the risk of due diligence exposing chaos. In 2023, the Polish VC market recorded 438 transactions with a total value of PLN 2.1 billion, while in 2024 there were 148 transactions of the same total value (<a href=\"https:\/\/pfrventures.pl\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">source: PFR Ventures<\/a>). Competition for capital is increasing, and investors are becoming quicker to eliminate companies that are not formally prepared.<\/p>\n<p>In this article, you will find a specific list of actions you need to take before sitting down at the table with an investor, from auditing your cap table and formalizing relationships between founders to designing corporate governance for the funding round.<\/p>\n<h2>Key terms you need to know before speaking with an investor<\/h2>\n<p>Before we move on to the recommendations, let\u2019s clarify the terminology. The investor will use these terms, and you need to understand them too.<\/p>\n<table style=\"min-width: 50px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Term<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Cap table<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Capitalization table, a document showing who owns how many shares in the company, what preferences are attached to them, and how the ownership structure will change after new capital is invested<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Term sheet<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Preliminary investment terms set out before the investment agreement, generally not legally binding, but defining the framework for negotiations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>SHA (shareholders&#8217; agreement)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Shareholders\u2019 agreement, governs relationships between shareholders outside the articles of association: exit rules, protective mechanisms, veto rights, and dilution rules<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Founders&#8217; agreement<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Founders\u2019 agreement, formalizes the allocation of roles, vesting, reverse vesting, and the rules governing a founder\u2019s departure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Due diligence<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">A legal, financial, and operational review of the company conducted by an investor before allocating capital<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Dilution<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">A reduction in the percentage ownership of existing shareholders resulting from the issue of new shares to an investor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Vesting \/ reverse vesting<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">A mechanism for gradually acquiring rights to shares over time (vesting) or, conversely, gradually earning the right to retain shares, with a founder losing some of them if they leave before an agreed date (reverse vesting)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Reserved matters<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">A list of decisions requiring the investor\u2019s consent, e.g. incurring liabilities above a specified amount, issuing new shares, or selling assets<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>What an investor checks during due diligence, and where startups most often fall short<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/publikacje\/startup-investment-process-step-by-step\/\">Due diligence<\/a> is the moment of truth. The investor does not assess only the product and traction, they also analyze whether the company\u2019s structure allows them to invest safely and exit the investment in the future.<\/p>\n<p>Below are the most common areas in which startups lose credibility:<\/p>\n<h3>A messy cap table<\/h3>\n<p>The investor wants to see an up-to-date, unambiguous cap table. If you do not know how many shares each shareholder owns, what preferences are attached to them, or whether any informal promises of equity exist, the conversation is over.<\/p>\n<p>In a Polish limited liability company, share preferences are governed by <strong>Article 174 of the Commercial Companies Code<\/strong>, they may concern voting rights (a maximum of 3 votes per share), dividend rights (a maximum of 150% of the dividend payable on an ordinary share), and participation in the distribution of assets. Every preference must be included in the articles of association.<\/p>\n<h3>No formalized arrangements between founders<\/h3>\n<p>Two founders establish a company with a 50\/50 split and no founders&#8217; agreement. After two years, one of them wants to leave. There is no exit mechanism, reverse vesting, or buyback arrangement. The company remains at a standstill for a year because neither shareholder can force the other to sell their shares or to stay.<\/p>\n<p>For an investor, the absence of written arrangements between founders is a warning sign, it indicates the risk of a shareholder dispute that could paralyze the company just as it begins to grow.<\/p>\n<h3>Template articles of association<\/h3>\n<p>A company incorporated through the S24 system (a fee of 350 z\u0142 and registration within a few days) uses a standard template for its articles of association. This template does not allow provisions required by investors to be introduced, such as share premium, drag-along, tag-along, share preferences, restrictions on share transfers, or changes to quorum and voting majorities. Such provisions require the form of a notarial deed.<\/p>\n<p>If your articles of association come from a template, you are not investment-ready.<\/p>\n<h3>Unresolved intellectual property issues<\/h3>\n<p>Rights to code, know-how, and trademarks, if they have not been formally transferred to the company, the investor sees a risk of losing value. Check whether agreements with developers and subcontractors clearly <a href=\"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/publikacje\/software-copyright-in-kind-contribution-company\/\">transfer copyright to the company<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Outstanding corporate formalities<\/h3>\n<p>Missing minutes of shareholders\u2019 meetings, unfiled financial statements, or outdated information in the National Court Register, each of these issues prolongs the process and undermines the management board\u2019s professionalism.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/contact\/\">Contact us<\/a>, we will help you identify gaps in your documentation before you speak with an investor.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"blog-article__inline-newsletter blog-article__inline-form flow\" aria-label=\"Article form\">\r\n                    <div class=\"blog-article__inline-newsletter-head flow\">\r\n                                    <h2>Discuss your situation with us<\/h2>\r\n                                                    <p>Leave your details and we\u2019ll get back to you.<\/p>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"form form--cf7 blog-article__newsletter-form blog-article__inline-form-form\">\r\n            \n<div class=\"wpcf7 no-js\" id=\"wpcf7-f2571-o1\" lang=\"\" dir=\"ltr\" data-wpcf7-id=\"2571\">\n<div class=\"screen-reader-response\"><p role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\"><\/p> <ul><\/ul><\/div>\n<form action=\"\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3840#wpcf7-f2571-o1\" method=\"post\" class=\"wpcf7-form init wpcf7-acceptance-as-validation\" aria-label=\"Contact form\" novalidate=\"novalidate\" data-status=\"init\">\n<fieldset class=\"hidden-fields-container\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7\" value=\"2571\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_version\" value=\"6.1.7\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_locale\" value=\"\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_unit_tag\" value=\"wpcf7-f2571-o1\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" 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class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-acceptance\"><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item\"><label><input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"article-form-privacy\" value=\"1\" class=\"blog-article__newsletter-checkbox\" aria-invalid=\"false\" \/><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item-label\">Zgadzam si\u0119 na kontakt w sprawie przes\u0142anej wiadomo\u015bci i akceptuj\u0119 polityk\u0119 prywatno\u015bci.<\/span><\/label><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"blog-article__newsletter-submit-row\"><button type=\"submit\" class=\"button blog-article__newsletter-submit\">\r\n    <span class=\"button__label\">Submit<\/span>\r\n            <span class=\"button__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n                <span class=\"icon\" data-icon-size=\"sm\">\n        <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/app\/uploads\/2026\/05\/arrow-01.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"icon__image\" aria-hidden=\"true\" width=\"11\" height=\"13\">\n    <\/span>\n            <\/span>\r\n    <\/button>\n<\/p><div hidden aria-hidden=\"true\"><label>Leave this field blank<input type=\"text\" name=\"asl_website\" value=\"\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/label><\/div><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"asl_started_at\" value=\"1793100858.14431a66e45fd55aef45748e65b9350b856d0ad7c57f1c7c412a877d26f76311\"><div id=\"sawaryn-turnstile-1\" class=\"cf-turnstile\" data-sitekey=\"0x4AAAAAAD2_7crf8smCDxe1\" data-theme=\"light\" data-action=\"contact\"><\/div><div class=\"wpcf7-response-output\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/aside>\n<h2>How to put your ownership structure in order before a funding round<\/h2>\n<h3>Audit your cap table<\/h3>\n<p>Review the current ownership structure: who owns how many shares, what preferences are attached to them, whether shareholders have any personal rights (Article 159 of the Commercial Companies Code), and what the articles of association say about share transfers.<\/p>\n<p>Shareholders\u2019 personal rights are rights assigned to a specific person rather than to a share. They must be included in the articles of association, otherwise they are ineffective against the company. Typical examples include the right to appoint a management board member, veto rights in specified matters, and expanded information rights. Unlike share preferences (Article 174 of the Commercial Companies Code), personal rights are non-transferable, they do not pass to the purchaser of the shares.<\/p>\n<table style=\"min-width: 75px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Feature<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Personal rights (Article 159 of the Commercial Companies Code)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Share preferences (Article 174 of the Commercial Companies Code)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Attached to<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">The shareholder<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">The share<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Transferability<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Non-transferable<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Pass to the purchaser with the share<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Formal requirement<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Articles of association, precise description<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Articles of association<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Expiry<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Upon loss of shareholder status<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Remain in effect for as long as the share exists<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Amendment\/removal<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Requires the entitled person\u2019s consent (Article 246 \u00a7 3 of the Commercial Companies Code)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Requires the consent of the shareholder whose rights are being restricted<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Put informal arrangements in writing<\/h3>\n<p>If there are verbal agreements between founders concerning the allocation of roles, equity, or departure terms, put them in writing. The investor expects relationships between the founders to be formalized. A founders&#8217; agreement should cover:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Allocation of roles and responsibilities between the founders<\/li>\n<li>A <a href=\"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/publikacje\/co-to-jest-vesting-jak-wprowadzic-go-w-spolce\/\">vesting or reverse vesting<\/a> schedule<\/li>\n<li>An exit mechanism, what happens when one of the founders wants to leave<\/li>\n<li>Buyback rules, the price and procedure under which the company or the remaining founders may repurchase the shares<\/li>\n<li>A dispute resolution mechanism, mediation, arbitration, escalation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Prepare a dilution model<\/h3>\n<p>Show the founders and potential investors what the ownership structure will look like after the seed round, Series A, and any ESOP (employee incentive plan). This is a negotiating tool, a founder who understands the mechanics of dilution negotiates better terms.<\/p>\n<p>The model should cover at least the next 2-3 rounds and take into account:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>A seed investor entering at a specified <a href=\"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/publikacje\/startup-valuation-and-investors\/\">valuation<\/a><\/li>\n<li>A Series A round with a new valuation and a new investor<\/li>\n<li>An ESOP pool, typically 10-15% of the shares reserved for an employee incentive plan<\/li>\n<li>The impact of anti-dilution mechanisms on the founders\u2019 equity<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Corporate governance, how to design it for a funding round<\/h2>\n<p>Corporate governance is a set of rules defining who decides what within the company. If poorly designed, it obstructs day-to-day management after the investor comes on board. If well designed, it gives the investor control over key decisions without paralyzing operations.<\/p>\n<h3>List of reserved matters<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Article 228<\/strong> of the Commercial Companies Code specifies a statutory list of matters requiring a resolution of the shareholders\u2019 meeting: approval of reports, distribution of profit, granting discharge to members of the company\u2019s governing bodies, and disposal of real estate. Article 246 \u00a7 1 of the Commercial Companies Code requires a qualified majority of 2\/3 of the votes to amend the articles of association or dissolve the company, and 3\/4 of the votes to make a material change to the company\u2019s business activities.<\/p>\n<p>The articles of association may expand this list, and this is precisely what the investor will expect. Typical reserved matters in investment agreements include:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Incurring liabilities above a specified amount<\/li>\n<li>Issuing new shares<\/li>\n<li>Selling assets of significant value<\/li>\n<li>Entering into agreements with related parties<\/li>\n<li>Taking out loans and providing security<\/li>\n<li>Changing the company\u2019s business profile<\/li>\n<li>Initiating litigation involving a significant amount<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Failure to obtain the required resolution renders the transaction invalid<\/strong> under Article 17 of the Commercial Companies Code, so defining the list precisely is mandatory, not optional.<\/p>\n<h3>Investor protection mechanisms<\/h3>\n<p>An investor joins the company with specific expectations regarding the protection of their position. Below are the mechanisms you need to understand and know how to negotiate:<\/p>\n<table style=\"min-width: 75px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Mechanism<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Function<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Legal basis<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Drag-along<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">The right of a majority shareholder to require the remaining shareholders to sell their shares on the same terms<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Article 353\u00b9 of the Civil Code (freedom of contract) + articles of association<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/publikacje\/klauzula-tag-along\/\"><strong>Tag-along<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">The right of a minority shareholder to join a sale on the same terms as the selling shareholder<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Article 353\u00b9 of the Civil Code + articles of association<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Anti-dilution<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Protection of the investor against dilution in subsequent rounds at a lower valuation (down round)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Articles 258 and 286 of the Commercial Companies Code + SHA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Liquidation preference<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">The investor\u2019s priority in the distribution of proceeds upon the liquidation or sale of the company<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Article 174 of the Commercial Companies Code (preference regarding the distribution of assets) + SHA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Reverse vesting<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">A founder gradually earns the right to retain their shares, if they leave early, they lose some of them<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Article 199 of the Commercial Companies Code (share redemption) + articles of association<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Each of these mechanisms must be embedded in the articles of association to have corporate effect. Provisions included solely in the SHA (shareholders\u2019 agreement) or investment agreement create only contractual claims against the parties to the agreement, without conferring direct rights against the company.<\/p>\n<h3>Share redemption as a good leaver \/ bad leaver tool<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Article 199 of the Commercial Companies Code<\/strong> governs the redemption of shares in a Polish limited liability company. Appropriate provisions must be included in the articles of association. There are three procedures:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Voluntary redemption<\/strong>, with the shareholder\u2019s consent, the company acquires the shares<\/li>\n<li><strong>Compulsory redemption<\/strong>, without the shareholder\u2019s consent; the grounds and procedure must be precisely defined in the articles of association<\/li>\n<li><strong>Automatic redemption<\/strong>, triggered by the occurrence of an event specified in the articles of association<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In startups, this mechanism is used to implement good leaver \/ bad leaver rules:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Good leaver<\/strong> (e.g. departure for justified reasons) \u2192 voluntary redemption at market price<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bad leaver<\/strong> (e.g. departure in breach of the agreement, competing with the company) \u2192 compulsory redemption at a lower price, but not below the minimum specified in Article 199 \u00a7 2 of the Commercial Companies Code (the net asset value attributable to the share)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The grounds for compulsory redemption must be described precisely, vague wording leads to disputes and may be challenged in court.<\/p>\n<h2>Tax aspects of an equity investment<\/h2>\n<p>The tax structure of the investment affects the cost of the capital injection and the attractiveness of the transaction. There are three areas you need to review:<\/p>\n<h3>Tax on civil law transactions (PCC)<\/h3>\n<p>The rate is <strong>0.5%<\/strong>, charged solely on the value of the <a href=\"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/publikacje\/podwyzszenie-kapitalu-zakladowego-spolki-z-o-o\/\">share capital increase<\/a>, not on the entire investment amount. If the investor contributes PLN 1 million, of which PLN 50 thousand goes to share capital and PLN 950 thousand to share premium (the surplus over the nominal value of the shares), the PCC is 0.5% \u00d7 PLN 50 thousand = PLN 250.<\/p>\n<h3>CIT neutrality of capital contributions<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Article 12(4)(4) and (11) of the CIT Act<\/strong> excludes the following from taxable revenue:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Contributions made to share capital<\/li>\n<li>Surpluses (share premium) over the nominal value of the shares<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>This means that, as a rule, an investor\u2019s contribution to share capital and share premium does not generate taxable revenue for the company.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> an interpretation issued by the National Revenue Information Service indicates that a contribution to supplementary capital without an increase in share capital may generate taxable revenue for CIT purposes, therefore, the structure of the equity investment requires tax review.<\/p>\n<h3>IP Box, the preferential 5% CIT rate<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Article 24d of the CIT Act<\/strong> provides for a 5% rate on qualifying income from intellectual property rights developed through research and development activities. This includes, among other things, copyright in computer programs, patents, and utility models.<\/p>\n<p>Conditions: the company must keep records allowing income from each qualifying IP right to be identified separately and must apply the nexus ratio. For technology startups that develop software in-house, the IP Box may significantly reduce the effective tax rate, which makes the company more attractive to an investor.<\/p>\n<h2>ASI, when it is worthwhile and what to watch out for<\/h2>\n<p><strong>An alternative investment company (ASI)<\/strong> is an investment vehicle governed by the Investment Funds Act. It is used to collect assets from multiple investors in order to invest them in accordance with a specified investment policy.<\/p>\n<h3>When an ASI makes sense<\/h3>\n<p>An ASI is a solution for business angels, groups of private investors, or funds that want to invest jointly in startups through a structured vehicle. Permitted legal forms include a Polish limited liability company, joint-stock company, European company, limited partnership, or limited joint-stock partnership (with a corporate entity acting as the general partner).<\/p>\n<h3>Registration thresholds with the KNF<\/h3>\n<table style=\"min-width: 50px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Asset threshold<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Requirement<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Below EUR 100 million<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Entry in the KNF register (fee: the equivalent of EUR 2,000)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">EUR 100-500 million (without leverage, minimum 5-year redemption period)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Entry in the KNF register<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Above EUR 100 million (other cases)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Full KNF authorization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Above EUR 500 million<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Full KNF authorization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Reporting obligations<\/h3>\n<p>An ASI manager (ZASI) operating on the basis of an entry in the register submits annual reports to the KNF, the deadline is <strong>31 January<\/strong> of the following year. Reports are submitted through the ESPI system in XML format.<\/p>\n<h3>Risks<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Operating as a ZASI without the required registration exposes the entity to administrative sanctions imposed by the KNF, financial penalties, an order to cease operations, or a ban on conducting such activities in the future<\/li>\n<li>A poorly designed ASI structure creates operational and regulatory burdens, similar to the problems associated with non-public closed-end investment funds, where the requirement of a 2\/3 majority to merge funds is impossible to meet in many cases<\/li>\n<li>An ASI may not raise financing from natural persons (except professional clients), Article 8a(4) of the Act<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>If you are considering an ASI or another investment vehicle, verify whether the planned structure requires notification to or registration with the KNF before the investor asks about it.<\/p>\n<h2>P.S.A. as an alternative to a Polish limited liability company, when to consider a conversion<\/h2>\n<p>A simple joint-stock company (P.S.A.) was designed for startups seeking external financing. It offers mechanisms that a Polish limited liability company does not provide:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/publikacje\/kapital-w-prostej-spolce-akcyjnej\/\"><strong>Share capital<\/strong><\/a><strong> from 1 z\u0142<\/strong>, versus 5,000 z\u0142 in a Polish limited liability company and 100,000 z\u0142 in a joint-stock company<\/li>\n<li><strong>No-par-value shares<\/strong>, capital can be increased without amending the articles of association<\/li>\n<li><strong>Founder shares<\/strong>, protecting founders against dilution (a fixed proportion of votes regardless of the issue of new shares)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Contributions in the form of work or services<\/strong>, a founder may contribute work instead of cash (note: such contributions do not increase share capital, and the shareholder is subject to ZUS social security contributions)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sale of shares by email<\/strong>, without a notarial deed<\/li>\n<li><strong>Easier incentive plans<\/strong>, ESOP and vesting built into the company\u2019s structure<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Converting a Polish limited liability company into a P.S.A. takes approximately 2-4 months, with notarial costs of approximately 1,500-2,000 z\u0142 and court fees of 600 z\u0142. It does not require an auditor\u2019s opinion. The company retains legal continuity, its tax identification number, permits, contracts, and credibility in the eyes of counterparties remain unchanged.<\/p>\n<p>If your Polish limited liability company has template articles of association and you are planning multiple funding rounds, consider converting it into a P.S.A. before beginning discussions with an investor.<\/p>\n<h2>Checklist: startup investment readiness<\/h2>\n<p>Below is a list of items you should have in order before your first conversation with an investor:<\/p>\n<table style=\"min-width: 75px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Area<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">What to check<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Priority<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Cap table<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Up-to-date cap table, share preferences, personal rights, informal promises of equity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Mandatory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Founders&#8217; agreement<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Written founders\u2019 agreement: allocation of roles, vesting, reverse vesting, exit mechanism, buyback<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Mandatory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Articles of association<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Notarial form (not an S24 template), provisions allowing investment mechanisms to be introduced<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Mandatory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Governance<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">A properly designed list of reserved matters and decision-making rules after the investor comes on board<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Mandatory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Intellectual property<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Rights to code, know-how, and trademarks formally transferred to the company<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Mandatory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Corporate documentation<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Up-to-date information in the National Court Register, minutes of shareholders\u2019 meetings, filed financial statements<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Mandatory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Dilution model<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">A model showing the ownership structure after seed, Series A, and ESOP<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Recommended<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Investment readiness pack<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">A complete set of documents ready to be shared with the investor: National Court Register extract, articles of association, cap table, founders&#8217; agreement, term sheet template<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Recommended<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Tax review<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Equity investment structure: PCC, CIT on share premium, eligibility for the IP Box<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Recommended<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">ASI \/ vehicle<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">If applicable: review of KNF requirements and registration thresholds<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">Conditional<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Put your structure in order before the investor asks<\/h2>\n<p>The cost of putting your structure in order before a funding round is many times lower than the cost of restructuring it afterward, conducting remedial negotiations, or resolving shareholder disputes. A poorly designed structure may lower the valuation, delay the round by months, or, in extreme cases, prevent it from going ahead.<\/p>\n<p>We support startup founders and management boards in preparing companies for funding rounds, from auditing the cap table and articles of association, through formalizing relationships between founders, to designing corporate governance and protective mechanisms. We work with real-world transaction scenarios and understand the realities of negotiations with VC funds.<\/p>\n<p>If you are planning a funding round in the coming months, <a href=\"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/contact\/\">contact us<\/a>. We will assess your investment readiness and identify what needs to be corrected before you sit down at the table with an investor.<\/p>\n<h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<p><strong>When is the right time to put the company\u2019s structure in order, before discussions with an investor or only after receiving a term sheet?<\/strong> Before the discussions. The investor assesses your organizational maturity from the very first meeting. If due diligence reveals that the cap table is unclear, the articles of association come from a template, and the founders have no written arrangements, you lose credibility and negotiating leverage. Putting the structure in order after receiving a term sheet is possible, but it happens under time pressure and on less favorable terms. In practice, preparing a company from a legal perspective takes anywhere from several weeks to 2-3 months, plan ahead.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What documents do I need to have ready for an investor to take my startup seriously?<\/strong> The minimum set includes an up-to-date cap table, articles of association in the form of a notarial deed (not an S24 template), a founders&#8217; agreement, an up-to-date extract from the National Court Register, filed financial statements, minutes of shareholders\u2019 meetings, and documentation confirming intellectual property rights (agreements with developers, copyright assignments). Recommended additions include a dilution model covering 2-3 rounds and a term sheet template.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Is a 50\/50 equity split between founders a problem?<\/strong> Yes, from an investor\u2019s perspective, it is one of the more serious warning signs. A 50\/50 split without a dispute resolution mechanism (e.g. a casting vote, mediation, or arbitration) creates a risk of decision-making deadlock. If the founders cannot agree, the company comes to a standstill. The investor sees this as a threat to operational continuity. If you have a 50\/50 split, make sure you have a founders&#8217; agreement with a clear deadlock resolution mechanism.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What is the difference between an SHA and the articles of association, and do I need both?<\/strong> The articles of association are a corporate document, they govern the company\u2019s structure, share rights, and the rules for adopting resolutions. They are effective against the company and third parties. An SHA (shareholders\u2019 agreement) is a civil law agreement between shareholders, it governs their mutual relationships: exit rules, protective mechanisms, veto rights, and dilution rules. It is effective only between the parties to the agreement. You need both: the articles of association give the mechanisms corporate effect, while the SHA governs details of the relationships between shareholders that cannot or should not be included in the articles of association.<\/p>\n<p><strong>How long does it realistically take to prepare a company legally for a funding round?<\/strong> From several weeks to 2-3 months, depending on the starting point. If you have template articles of association, no founders&#8217; agreement, and a disorganized cap table, more time will be required. If the fundamentals are already in place and the task is to tailor governance to a specific investor, the process will be shorter. Converting a Polish limited liability company into a P.S.A. (if you decide to change the legal form) takes an additional approximately 2-4 months.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What is an ASI, and does it concern me as a founder?<\/strong> An alternative investment company (ASI) is an investment vehicle for groups of investors, not directly for a founder. It concerns you if your investor plans to invest in the company through an ASI or if you are creating a vehicle yourself to raise capital from multiple business angels. An ASI requires entry in the KNF register (fee: the equivalent of EUR 2,000) and is subject to reporting obligations. Operating without registration exposes the entity to administrative sanctions. Verify this formal issue before the investor asks about it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn how to prepare a startup for a VC round by organising its cap table, founder agreements, governance and documentation before due diligence.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":3079,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","sip_alt_url":"","sip_en_pl_url":"","sip_pair_uuid":"f60b23cc-8c4f-58bc-8b8e-90e1c422491f","sip_pair_state":""},"categories":[1581],"tags":[1562,1555,1548,1591,1559],"specialization":[1208],"practice_area":[],"class_list":["post-3840","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mergers-and-acquisitions","tag-articles-of-association-and-partnership-agreements","tag-corporate-governance-en","tag-due-diligence-en","tag-polish-limited-liability-company","tag-startups","specialization-mergers-and-acquisitions-ma"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3840","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3840"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3840\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4248,"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3840\/revisions\/4248"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3079"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3840"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3840"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3840"},{"taxonomy":"specialization","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/specialization?post=3840"},{"taxonomy":"practice_area","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sawaryn.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/practice_area?post=3840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}